Gianmarco Stati et al.

… The dysregulation of the host miRNA range that modulates multiple gene expressions can influence cancer development, either directly or indirectly. In fact, different miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes. For instance, recent studies have revealed that miRNA-451 (miR-451), downregulated after COVID-19 vaccination, is involved in various human phys- iological and pathological processes

… Based on vaccination schedules [46], any single dose contains a huge number of viral mRNAs, resulting in their massive entry into the host cells. Comparable to a ‘Trojan horse’, it can be assumed that a whole series of metabolic events will be triggered as a positive feedback loop in any given gene network that is regulated by miRNAs. It is also known that most of the miRNAs that operate in the nucleus will simultaneously regulate transcript stability in the cytoplasm and vice versa, resulting in a highly integrated mechanism. As cellular metabolic pathways follow the law of mass action, a substantial number of miRNAs targeted to numerous viral mRNAs should be produced. It is also possible that the host’s miRNA machinery might be overwhelmed in the processing of miRNAs and diverted away from its normal cellular functions and molecular pathways. This might lead to dangerous, long-lasting dysregulation of the miRNA pathways. It is reasonable to assume that some viral messenger RNAs will trigger changes in the host miRNA transcription profiles or stabilities and that the resulting modified miRNA clusters might favor the development of different disorders. This might be particularly relevant if the altered miRNA cistron included host miRNAs with oncogenic properties.